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Trainer Report (Population and Development)
10-21 March 2002

Population and Environment Communication Center (PECC)

Acknowledgements
Introduction
Objectives
Brief Resume of the Presentations
Presentation by Prof. Dr. Azhar M. Khan
History of the World Population
Slow Early Growth
Exponential Population Growth of the World
The Urban Revolution
Presentation by Dr. Murtaza Malik
Population and Environment
Population-Environment Nexus
In case of Pakistan the relationship between population and environment was
drawn based on the following aspects:
The North - South divide
Presentation by Dr. Faheem Ul Islam
Population Management and Human Development Nexus
Population management and development
Literacy and social development
Functional literacy
Literacy and modernization
Culture and development
Institutions and development
Social Change - The Essence of Development
Presentation by Dr Ali Sajid
Population Development through Enhanced Competitiveness Using Technology
Growth and Development
Economic Development
Competitiveness
Competitiveness through Technology
Common Man's View of Technology
Definition for Technology - LDCs Context
Lack of Japanese-Like Reaction of Pakistani Population to Growing Western Might
Competitiveness: The Game of Nations
Conclusion
Presentation by Mr. Asmat Ullah
Media's Role in Development
Communication
Media's Role
GROUPS WORKS
Assignment No. 1
Assignment No.2
(Field Visit to Dhoke Hassu)
Day 3 Field Visit To Dhoke Hassu for Drawing of Linkages between Population Management and Socio-Economic Development of the Community and the Area.
Questions and Concerns of the Participants
Discussion
Recommendations
Conclusion

Acknowledgements
The efforts of SDPI for undertaking the PECC initiative to create much needed population phenomenon awareness among the public, media, NGOs, government organizations and the private sector are greatly appreciated. The topic of 'Population and Development' is extremely relevant in the context of the present scenario of Pakistan.
The facilities, administrative arrangements and general atmosphere at the training venue were of extraordinary standard. The training team is extremely thankful to Dr. Jennifer Bennett and Mr. Ali Abbas Qazilbash for their regular presence, useful comments and tremendous support during the training workshop. The team is also exceedingly grateful to Brig (R) M. Yasin for his guidance, support and assistance during the conduct of the training workshop. The workshop wouldn't have been possible without the uncalculating help and facilitation extended by Mr. Shahid Minhas, Mr. Arshad Aziz, Mr. Asmat Ullah and Hafiz Wasim. Our special thanks are also due to the Al-Falah Development Organization, Dhoke Hassu for arranging the most informative and enlightening field visit of the area to study the linkages between population and development phenomenon.
Finally, we are honor bound for the distinguished participants for their dedication, devotion and concentration while listening and learning over the long and tiring hours of the training workshop. Top

Introduction
With a population of over 140 million and growth rate of over 2 percent per annum, Pakistan's population looms large in relation to its economic development goals and socio-political development indicators. The population problem was identified right after independence as the first five-year plan explicitly recognized that the rapid population growth was a major impediment towards the economic development of the country. Unfortunately the population policies were never implemented in true spirit and the study of population was never emphasized in the curriculum of the educational system.
Is the control of population growth a necessary precursor to economic development? Most developed countries argue that underdeveloped countries will be unable to move out of the vicious cycle of poverty unless population growth is brought under control. Some developing countries debate economic exploitation and political domination by the developed countries to be the real reasons for their relative poverty. Lately, at many international forums, the role of population growth, as an impediment to improving the human condition, has been downplayed. One school of thought openly asserts that population growth is not necessarily bad and that a free economic environment is a magic ingredient in both development and fertility control. The nature of population and development policies is thus heavily influenced by the position the decision-makers take in this argument.
Population is considered to have strong linkages with the environment, food security, health, education, crime, social justice, political empowerment and freedom, and economic development. In United States alone an average American creates 30 times the environmental impact of an average person in the developing world.
Pakistan since its existence has been experiencing a disturbingly high rate of population growth. The country's population has more than quadrupled from 32 million in 1947 to 140.5 million in 2001. In foreseeable future the picture is quite bleak for the reason that at present about 43.1 percent of the population is under the age of 15 years, that will soon enter into the reproductive age. High population has severely constrained the government to improve the country's social and economic indicators, build up human resource and social/physical infrastructure. In the last four decades the number of illiterates has more than doubled from 22 million in 1961 to 54 million in 2001. Rapid population growth coupled with the phenomenon of rural push and urban pull has placed an enormous pressure on Pakistan's large cities.
In order to understand the linkages between population and development, it is imperative to perceive the difference between economic development and economic growth and comprehend the real sense of development that goes much beyond the economic growth or economic development alone. It is also equally important to understand whether development is necessary to control the unwanted population growth or population control is essential for development.
This report is intended to provide the gist of training activities undergone during the course on 'population and development'. The special emphasis was directed on the interrelationship between population growth and the associated social, economic, environmental and political problems. PECC has very thoughtfully identified the population jigsaw with all its prime and tertiary concerns that stand conspicuous to intercept the utmost zeal and zest of the philanthropists who urge to keep environment worth living for posterity. Nothing in million year's history of life on planet earth has appeared as hazardous as the humanity to whom it owes its creation.
The course was formulated in the best suitable way to accommodate the participants' queries, comments, suggestions, group-work and group-discussions. Active involvement of the participants bears testimony to the fact that they took the course in its exact letter and spirit.
It is no denying the fact that resource persons play a pivotal role in the success of any such activity. In order to keep up with the demand, the experts were specially chosen on the extent of their expertise, aptitude and dedication to the phenomenon under review. The course was designed in a way to keep up the essence of participants in tact so that to inspirit the contours of theoretico-practical nature. Various articles and up-to-date statistics were collected and distributed along with a bibliography for extensive reading and reference in order to provide a maximum information-base for all to benefit from.
As a confidence building measure, the group task became a part and parcel of each day's conclusive activity. This not only involved the potentialities of the participants who represented various sectors of the economy but it also stretched the knowledge-base to ground realities in a very functional manner. Top

Objectives
The three-day training workshop was conducted to achieve the following objectives:

To introduce, to the participants, the basic issues that could originate from the connection of population and development for a country
To study and derive linkages between population and development
To come up with a relationship between population and development for the future of Pakistan
To create a general awareness among the participants about the population issues that could retard the growth and development of a third world country
To analyze, if the policy framework could offset the population pressures hampering the development of a country
To understand the core phenomenon of population with a view to resolve whether it's a constant problem, a resource, a wrong or is it the management that causes most population ills.
To create an atmosphere of horizontal networking among the participants. Top

Brief Resume of the Presentations

The workshop proceedings started with a welcome address by the Chief Training Coordinator followed by a brief introduction of the participants and elaboration of the objectives of the workshop by the in-charge PECC. Thereafter, module-wise events of the training workshop were conducted in an interactive manner. The main topics covered on the first day comprised 'An introduction to population with an historical perspective of the world's population growth.'

History of the World Population
Dr. Khan started his talk stating that the earth had total inhabitants of two persons at the start of life and was more than 6 billion people at the present time in a period of about one million years. To be more defined, 10,000 years ago i.e. in 8000 BC there were 8-10 million people on earth, from 8,000 BC to AD 1, the growth rate had doubled the population in every 1530 years and in 1750 AD the world's total population was about 800 million. The growth rate from the Roman period to the industrial revolution had a doubling period of about 1240 years. During 1950-60, the population growth could be modeled to be a steaming locomotive. Thereafter, during the seventies, the realization to control the population explosion occurred which was like applying brakes to the streaking locomotive. Despite application of the brakes, the sedulous behavior resulted in doubling of the population in only about 35 years i.e. from 1950 - 85. . It should be kept in mind that only a small difference between birth and death rates is required to account for the slow growth achieved after the Agricultural Revolution. Between 8000 BC and AD 1750 the world was adding on average of only 67,000 people each year to the population. By the 1980s that many people were being added every seven hours. Top
Slow Early Growth
Human populations like all living things have the potential to grow at an exponential rate. The reason the population grew so slowly during the first 99 percent of human history was that death rates were very high and risk of death was particularly high among infants and young children. Thus, earlier population growth was slow due to high death rates and high infant and child mortality rates. Human populations represent another example of exponential growth. Magnitude of the problems posed by human population growth can be seen from the fact that it took more than 1 million years for the human population to first reach 200,000 (the current daily rate of increase as given by (US Census, Historical Estimates of World Population). The human population is estimated to have first reached 1 billion persons in 1830, and 2 billion in 1930, a doubling time of 100 years. In 1960, thirty years later, the population edged past 3 billion and a mere 15 years later, 4 billion. In 1986, we exceeded 5 billion for the first time. Despite a slowing of the growth rate, the human population has exceeded 6 billion in 1999. To feed this population only, it will be necessary to increase food production by 20% over the next 10-15 years. In olden times, the presence of much intimidation to human life, the life expectancy was only around 30 years. It is contemplated that due to the agriculture revolution, as people settled down in communities, the population growth rate increased. Actually the sedentary life and high density of population associated with farming communities, living together, raised the
Year Population
1804192719601974198719992013202820542100 1 billion2 billion3 billion4 billion5 billion6 billion7 billion8 billion9 billion( 10.4-17 billion)

death rate due to sanitation problems and exposure to communicable diseases. In 1750, the population growth rate accelerated with a decline in death rate following the industrial revolution. It was basically due to the resulting economic development and rising standard of living. But if economic development and rising standard of living led to an increase in population then we should have had a different outcome. The economic fact is otherwise, i.e., less population with the majority employed tends towards economic development and high status etc. The real economic growth of a nation, in term of providing facilities to its people, is the net difference between the economic growth and the population growth. Or in real terms, the economic growth is the difference between the economic growth and the population growth.
The world is commonly divided into three main economic categories: the high-income industrialized countries; middle and low-income countries, which are grouped and referred to as the developing countries. Also, industrialized countries with high incomes, are referred to as more or highly developed countries (HDC), while middle and low income countries are grouped as less developed countries (LDC).
The cost-benefit analysis of population growth in LDC yields interesting facts and theories. According to one formula of real economic growth, high population growth in low-income countries may completely prevent economic growth. Certain other related facts culminating from these theories and facts are:
· The gross national product per capita is given by dividing a country's gross national product (total value of goods and services exchanged) by its population. High population growth can retard rise in per capita income.
· The relationship between population growth and poverty is neither obvious nor well established as the simple economic arguments would suggest that rapid population growth aggravates poverty.
· Population growth holds down returns to labour relative to capital and other factors of production, depressing wages and worsening the income distribution
· Unemployment for rapidly increasing labor force.
· Population growth swells the traditional and informal labour force, and delays the time at which modern-sector capital accumulation exhausts the supply of subsistence-level workers.
· Rapid population growth may be a consequence of advances in health, signaling broad-based welfare improvement; economies may expand rapidly with scant regard for equity, but nevertheless show plummeting fertility levels; or societies may be in such economic disorder that continued impoverishment coexists with virtually zero population growth.
· Urbanization with its economic evils is brought in, that results in environmental degradation, pollution and unfair distribution of resources.
· Poverty and inequitable income distribution
· Unfavorable balance of trade.
· Problems pertaining to health, education, law, political freedom, regulation, corruption etc.
· It is likely that most social scientists would accept that there is a connection between population growth and poverty. In particular, achieving lower fertility, at least in some circumstances (probably including those of most of the world's poorest countries), is likely to help alleviate poverty.
· However, importance of nation depends upon its size, being a huge market for the foreigners and role in the world politics.
· Intrinsic satisfaction and sense of security on having many kids especially males.
· No cause of concern for thinly populated countries.
· Population growth coupled with opportunities and education/health will stimulate economic growth.
· It is a big human resource for rural society.
· High population growth countries are generally poor, the same fact is shown by the graph below: Top

Exponential Population Growth of the World
Some important facts about the exponential population growth behavior were presented by the resource person and the same are appended below:
In 1993 the world population of 5.5 billion grew by 94 million, it is an average increase of 25,800 people per day or 10,700 per hour. It means that we are adding another Australia each month, an extra Canada every 14 weeks, another Mexico every year and another USA every 2.5 years. With this current exponential rate it will take 5 days to add the number of Americans killed in all US wars, ten months to add 7.5 million people killed by bubonic plague, 1.7 years to add 165 million people killed in all wars and 12 years to add 1.18 billion people equal to the population of China in 1993.
The Urban Revolution
Until very recently in the world history, almost everyone lived in rural areas. Large cities were few and scattered. For example Rome's population of 650,000 in AD 100 was probably the largest in the ancient world. It is estimated that as recently as 1800 less than 1 percent of the world's population lived in cities with populations of 100,000 or more. By the 1980s more than one third of all humans were living in cities of that size.
The redistribution of people from rural to urban areas is most marked in the industrialized nations. For example, in 1800 about 10 percent of the English population lived in urban areas primarily London. By the 1980s more than 75 percent of the British were in cities. Similar patterns of urbanization have been experienced in other European countries, the United States, Canada and Japan as they have industrialized.
Today urban populations are growing at a much more rapid rate in the less developed regions of the world than they ever did in the industrialized nations. Much of the current city population growth in developing countries is due to rural urban migration and low death rates coupled with high birth rates.
Both the pull as well as the push effects impact urbanization in Pakistan. The process of urbanization is somewhat slow due to family dynamics, slow industrialization and lack of education in cities. The push effect is impacted by lack of development and economic opportunities in the rural sector. Top

Population and Environment
The presentation was started with the definition of environment, pollution, basic
environmental issues of Pakistan and the nexus between the population and environment.
Environment was defined as the sum of all the external conditions and influences affecting the life and development of an organism. It includes:

Air
Water
Land

The interrelationship that exists among and between the above and all living things.
He defined environmental management as a control mechanism of all those factors in our physical environment which exercise or may exercise a harmful effect on our physical development, health and survival. Pollution was defined as an undesirable change in physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air, water and land that may or will harmfully effect humans, animals or plant life. Following are the main environmental issues in Pakistan: Top

Air Pollution
Water shortage
Water pollution
Solid waste management
Soil/land pollution, erosion and degradation
Deforestation
High and inefficient energy consumption
Reduction of biodiversity
Vanishing wildlife
Pollution cost in Pakistan can be gauged from the following facts:
Out of all, about 80 percent of diseases in Pakistan are water related.
In Pakistan: water pollution is responsible for 40 percent urban deaths and 60 percent infant deaths.
Health problems caused by water pollution cost Pakistan US$759 million per year.
The environmental cost to Pakistan's economy = US$1.8 BILLION PER YEAR (1997 estimate) 4.5 percent of GDP Following reasons were presented by the speaker as the main causes of environmental degradation:
Rapid increase in population
Economic growth without considering its impacts on environment
Poverty
Urbanization
Lack of land use planning and zoning
Lack of institutional capacity
Lack of enforcement

The speaker then presented an account of the world population as follows:

From 1900 to 2000, the world population grew from 1.6 billion to 6.1 billion persons. About 85 percent of the growth having taken place in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
Although population growth rates are slowing, United Nations population projections show that the world population is likely to exceed 8 billion people by 2030.
In 1900, about 86 per cent of the world population was rural dwellers and just 14 per cent was city dwellers. But by the year 2000 the share of the world population living in rural areas had declined to 53 per cent, while the number of urban-dwellers had risen to 47 per cent. By 2030, over three fifths of the world population will be living in cities. Virtually all the population growth expected during 2000-2030 will be concentrated in the urban areas of the world.
On a physically finite planet, the resources are also finite.
[More people = more activities ] = [ less land per person, less resources per person].
Carrying capacity is sometimes defined as the number of people (or amount of activity) that can be supported for the foreseeable future without degrading the environment.
Carrying capacity requires that the earth lives within its sustainable budget.
He then put forth the environment impacts of population increase as follows:
Increased requirement for food would require increase in agricultural demand and more farming, more water consumption, more fertilizers and pesticides, pressure on agricultural land, shortage of arable land.
Stress on water supplies: approximately one third of the world's population lives in countries classified as experiencing moderate to severe water stress or scarcity.
Deforestation: expansion of cropland, harvesting of wood for fuel.
Increased overall economic activity and hence the volume of pollution-causing production. Top

Population-Environment Nexus

Population affects environment that results in poverty
"Population" affects "environment" through:
Increasing pressure on marginal lands, over-exploitation of soils, overgrazing, over-cutting of wood.
Soil erosion, silting, flooding.
Increased use of pesticides, fertilizer, water for irrigation- increased water logging and salinity, water pollution.
Migration to overcrowded slums, problems of water supply and sanitation, industrial waste dangers, indoor air pollution, mud slides.
"Population" affects "poverty" through:
Unemployment, low wages for those in work, dilution of economic gain.
Increasing landlessness - inherited plots divided and subdivided among many children.
Over stretching of social services, schools, health centers, water and sanitation services.
"Poverty" affects "environment" through:
Difficulty in meeting today's needs means that short-term exploitation of the environment must take priority over long-term protection.
Lack of knowledge about environmental issues and long-term consequences of today's actions.
"Poverty" affects "population" through:
High child death rates lead parents to compensate or insure by having more children.
Lack of water supply, fuel and labor-saving devices increases the need for children to help in fields and homes.
Lack of security in illness and old age increases the need for many children.
Lack of education means less awareness of family planning methods and benefits, less use of clinics.
Lack of confidence in future and control over circumstances does not encourage planning - including family planning.
Low status of women, often associated with poverty, means women often uneducated, without power to control fertility. "Environment" affects "poverty" through:
Soil erosion, water logging and salinity, and flooding cause declining yields, declining employment and incomes, loss of fish catches.
Poor housing, poor services and overcrowding = more diseases and lower productivity.Top

In case of Pakistan the relationship between population and environment was
drawn based on the following aspects:

Pakistan's landmass is around 0.6 percent of the total land of the globe, while its share of world population is about 2.6 percent.
During 1982-1997, the land not available for cultivation increased from 27.6 percent to 30.6 percent (over 2.4 million hectares lost).
In 1990, nearly 20 percent people lived below poverty line. Currently around 35 percent live below the poverty line.
During 1980 - 1997, pesticide consumption in Pakistan increased by 67 fold and the consumption of fertilizer during this period increased by 136 percent.
In 1951, per capita water availability in Pakistan was 5300 m3. The corresponding value during 2000 was 1300 m3.
The total number of motor vehicles on the road has increased by 500 percent during the last two decades. Top

The North - South divide

A wide divergence of views exists regarding the precise impact of population growth on environment.
Developed countries hold population increases responsible for deterioration of environment.
Developing countries
Do not want their population growth to be held responsible for global environmental degradation
Argue that more efficient solution to the environmental crisis is consumption control in the north
Believe that development remains a necessary condition for effective population control
Are unprepared to accept any global population norms which challenge their fundamental political, cultural or religious sovereignty The speaker gave a formula to calculate and quantify the environmental impact in the following manner:
- The environmental problems have emerged as a result of a combined impact of many socio-economic, political, demographic, as well as ecological processes.
- I = P A T (Environmental Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology).
One-quarter of the world's population - predominantly in the industrialized nations - consumes over 70 percent of the earth's resources and is responsible for most of the global environmental degradation.
Average Bangladeshi uses 2 milligrams of CFCs per year in comparison to the average U.S. citizen who uses 2 kilograms per year; as such the 'environmental impact' of an extra Bengali, in CFC terms, is only 1/1000th that of an extra American. Top

Population Management and Human Development Nexus
The speaker defined the three core values of development as:
- Sustenance: The ability to meet basic needs which include food, shelter, health and protection
- Self-esteem: To be a person with a sense of worth and self-respect
- Freedom from servitude: To be able to choose and is the concept of human freedom
Development was defined as both a physical reality and a state of mind - the three objectives of development are:
- To increase the availability and widen the distribution of basic life-sustaining goods such as food, shelter, and protection
- To raise levels of living, including, in addition to higher incomes, the provision of more jobs, better education, and greater attention to cultural and humanistic values
- To expand the range of economic and social choices available to individuals by freeing them from servitude and dependence not only in relation to other people and nation-state but also to the forces of ignorance and human misery.
According to the speaker, vigorous economic growth of a country leads to improved human development and improved human development in turn leads to vigorous economic growth. To ensure good economic growth, human development improvement must precede or at least accompany the improvement in growth. Business management researchers have also concluded that economic development and market sophistication go hand-in-hand. Higher population growth has further aggravated the adverse impact of faltering economic development initiatives for Pakistan. Thus, slower population growth would be beneficial to economic development for most developing countries. The revisionists claim that adverse effects of high population growth can be insulated through well functioning institutions. There is however, a clear linkage between fertility levels and income, nutrition, health services, education and employment - especially of women. The speaker presented the case of Population and Development for Pakistan in the following fashion:Top
Population management and development
At the end of the third five-year plan (65-70), for the first time a comprehensive and a detailed national family planning scheme was initiated. Under the plan (20,000 'village dais' were recruited for the purpose) and the following were accomplished:
- Estimated contraceptive use rate achieved was only 6 percent
- Knowledge among married women about contraceptive methods and needs was as high as 97 percent
The overall results indicated that need was to change the attitudes and behavior of individuals in favor of small family size. With the implementation of the successive population programmes it became clear that poverty is not the prime outstanding factor as many profess, contributing to the failure of family planning efforts - poor countries like Sri-Lanka and India have been remarkably successful - the relevant variable seems to be the education of women - Pakistan has significantly lower literacy rate - especially among women. Education and access to employment opportunities act as a cause and a consequence of nuptial changes and the affects are stronger for females. Empirical evidence shows that shifts to smaller family size and slower rate of population growth, in East Asia, have played a key role in the operation of an educated workforce, the accumulation of household and government savings, the rise in wages and spectacular growth of investment in manufacturing technology; that fertility decline alone is not sufficient to account for the economic development - but is a powerful complimentary factor and that development is a multidimensional process involving major changes in social structures, popular attitudes, and national institutions, as well as the acceleration of economic growth - aimed at a change in the entire social system towards a situation condition of life widely perceived as materially and spiritually better.
Literacy and social development
Why is literacy an important element in the modernization process? There are several reasons:
- Most obvious is that as the individual gains reading skills, he/she is able to extend the scope
of his/her experience through the print mass media (change, modernization, innovativeness,
knowledge)
- Media exposure also (especially print media) permits the individual receiver to control the rate of message input for better understanding
- Literate not only are able to control the rate of message input, but they can also store and retrieve information for deferred use
- Literacy seems to be a key for unlocking more complex mental abilities Top
Functional literacy
Literacy is defined as the degree to which an individual possesses mastery over symbols in their written form, or is able to encode and decode written messages, i.e., to write and to read. It may be difficult to compare across cultures. Functional literacy is measured as the ability to read and write written and recognize symbols at a level of competence adequate for carrying out the functions of the individual's role in the customary social system. Functional literacy is therefore, different for different roles. According to UNESCO standards, a minimum of four years of schooling is required for the typical individual to reach and maintain functional literacy.
Literacy and Modernization
Social researchers have found that, there is a point of "modernization take-off" in such attitudinal variables as aspirations when the individual has more than five years of schooling and in other words, at about the point at which functional literacy occurs. Individuals with two or three years of schooling are not much different in attitudes from those with no education. However, with further education, indicators of modernization also rise proportionally. The modernization take-off effect may coincide with the beginning of post-primary education because: course content in post-primary is likely to reflect knowledge of a modern sort; the location of the post-primary school is usually in an urbanizing environment; teachers in post-primary schools are better trained and more modern.Top
Culture and Development
Culture may be defined as the values, attitudes and beliefs that shape behavior. People are ruled by passions, ideologies, and their values and even when economic interests prevail. They need to be justified by values. The differences between nations, especially in the levels of development, are due to education and culture. Social capital (set of informal values and norms shared among members of a group that permits them to cooperate with one another) is as important as physical capital and a sine qua non of rational economic behavior.
A developmental state as against a development resistant state has to change traditional mental models and create a climate congenial:
- To dissemination of knowledge and skills among the young through education
- To selection of people for jobs on the basis of competence and merit
- To providing opportunities to individual or collective enterprise and fostering competition
- To endorsing entitlement of people to the fruits of their labor and deferred gratification
Institutions and Development
Napoleon hit the nail on the head when he remarked 'Men are powerless to secure the future, institutions alone fix the destinies of nations'. The political and social institutions geared to achieving self-sustaining growth would:
- Secure rights of property
- Secure rights of personal liberty
- Enforce right of contract
- Provide a government of laws rather than men
- Provide responsive government, one that will hear complaint and make redress
- Provide honest government, there should be no rents to favor and position
- Practice no discrimination on gender, race or social status for civil rights, liberties, access to educational and economic opportunities.Top
Social Change - The Essence of Development
The economic success of Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia and Thailand has drawn attention from all over the world. Their development models however, show that the underlying variable accompanying economic development is social development. They assumed from the start that education and healthcare were among the essential investments for national development. They also assumed that social investment should include women. They were willing, if necessary to confront entrenched traditions and prejudices in order to bring about the needed change. More importantly, they recognized that such a change creates the conditions for slower population growth and promotes a balance between population and resources. These countries laid great emphasis on reproductive health and family planning, as an essential part of health care for both women and men. There is an emphasis on quality in education, and on equal access, for both boys and girls, to education at all levels. Investment in literacy and health - including reproductive health - and above all investment in women, helped to produce the conditions for sustained economic growth in south-east Asia, and will allow it to continue. Successful social development recognizes that success depends not simply on providing services, but on inviting participation. Successful policies respond directly to the needs of ordinary people, for health, education, employment and a more secure existence. Successful social development demands a much higher level of political participation at all levels, and more involvement of women in business, the professions, politics and government. It calls for strong non-governmental organizations, and a willingness on the part of government to accept that NGOs have an important part to play in the civil society. It demands, on the part of government, a willingness to innovate, to adapt and to respond. It calls for strong national institutions and dedicated professionals to staff them. Above all it calls for leadership, the sort of leadership, which can express our common values and the common desire for development that reaches all the people of the nation.Top

Population Development through Enhanced Competitiveness Using Technology
Dr. Sajid started his presentation by giving the state of Pakistan such that in 1997, on Golden Jubilee of its independence, Pakistan had slid down from the take-off stage to that of underdevelopment while China and South Korea had become big economic powers of the world. We lost our competitiveness due to our privileged ruling classes, who managed to squander Pakistan's valuable technological inheritance through their undemocratic and ruinous policies and faulty planning. In 1947, Pakistan was at the take off stage of economic development. Formidable administrative machinery was inherited. Other available facilities included:
· A fine network of roads, railways, canals, educational institutions, state-of-the-art irrigation technology system
· Huge railway workshop at Lahore
· A very big bridge workshop at Jhelum
· Three ship repair workshops at Karachi-manned by thousands of highly skilled workers
· Large number of engineers experienced in design/construction of roads, railways, bridges, canals, dams/barrages
· No foreign debts to repay,
· At that time Pakistan was expected to participate in development by exporting machine tools, diesel engines, electric fans, surgical instruments, cinema projectors etc. Food grains, milk /diary products, cotton, hides and skins/leather hoods kept Pakistani trade in good stead. Law and order was in good state and there was no problem of unemployment. In contrast to Pakistan, China and South Korea were completely ruined countries when they got independence in late 1940s. Much of their infrastructure was destroyed by foreign invasion and civil war. It was supposed to take several decades for both countries to develop the basic infrastructure, material and human resource before economic development could start.Top
Growth and Development
Growth implies expansion of economy reflected in an increase in national income over time and development is assumed to have qualitatively improved techniques of production, development of various institutions and a changes in attitudes/values.
Economic Development
Economic development is presumed to have qualitative dimensions based on societies and their socio economic objectives.
Competitiveness
Various definitions of competitiveness are appended below:
"Competitiveness" been strongly used in era of globalization.
"Describe economic strength of countries" or position of a certain company with respect to its competitors in marketplace. These definitions apply to economic race among nations as well as to companies performances.
o Competitiveness is a process by which one entity strives to outperform another whether the entity is a person, corporation or a country the goal is the same.
o To maintain its competitive position the entity must continue to outperform its rivals who may be operating within local, regional national or global level.
Competitiveness through Technology
It is the means by which we accomplish objectives. Technology is practical implementation of knowledge, a means of aiding human endeavor. All knowledge, products, processes, tools, methods, and systems employed in creation of goods or in providing services. Technology is the way we do things. Top

Common Man's View of Technology
In a common man's view, in every day life, the word technology entails " the idea of computers and electronic gadgetry, rockets/satellites, ultra modern supersonic jets, robot run plants and factories."
Definition for Technology - LDCs Context
Cheapest, quickest and easiest way of obtaining production or services under the given social,
economic, geographical and historical conditions is technology.
The given conditions in LDCs are:
o Social tensions due to socially uneven society
o Poverty resulting from social structure of society
o Paucity of capital for investment
o Lack of education and low literacy rate
o Lack of enterprise and skills in utilizing natural resources, absence of mental attitude of determination to do so
o Lack of management skills and social vision conditioned by colonial subjugation
o Europe, Japan, South Korea and the Newly Industrialized countries (NICs) established infrastructure before, they acquired technology. Before you acquire technology - social, political, economic and cultural changes -made and conditions created to make society fertile enough for technology and to germinate and take firm roots.
Political changes following signing of Magna Carta brought about evolution of a new order.
Freed of feudal bondage, people learnt to pool their resources for commercial gain for mutual benefit.
o Chartered companies formed -developed into joint stock companies.
o A working banking system came into operation providing easy credit facilities.
o It helped in pooling financial resources.
o An underwriting and insurance came to safeguard investments in commercial ventures.
o Japan was the first Asian country to acquire technology and had industrialized in the last half of 18th century. Top

Lack of Japanese-Like Reaction of Pakistani Population to Growing Western Might
Thesis of revolution was triggered by technology. Technology in turn was made possible by creative urge in many English inventors. Entrepreneurs with fresh and creative ideas consolidated industrial revolution. They had enterprise in them and were ready to take risk. Investment for industries, set up with machines and plants, invented by inventors and adopted by entrepreneurs, was provided by traders, with vision and enterprise, who had acquired wealth by staking their money in international trade with far off lands in small rickety sailing ships.

Clearly, all this was possible because of continuing evolution of society,
Assisted by legislative measures by shedding its feudal completion and total
liquidation of serfdom.

Competitiveness: The Game of Nations

Guidelines for improving and sustaining a nation's competitive position are based on a
stable political system that permits economic growth:

Develop strong institutions to foster proactive involvement in development, transfer, and implementation of technology.
Develop strong financial institutions capable of supporting sustained technical progress.
Strengthen educational and training systems that permit citizens to move up the knowledge ladder.
Develop technology strategy and support generic critical technologies.
Support Research and Development activities.
Encourage creativity and entrepreneurship.
Vigorously participate in international debates on technological, as well as, trade issues to express national points of view and reconcile differences of opinion on issues of importance.
Predict the social and environmental consequences of technology and develop appropriate public policies to deal with them.
Develop strategic alliances with compatible countries to enhance technological progress and strengthen trade partnerships. Top

Conclusion
Productivity is defined to be the ratio of output and input within a time period with due consideration to quality. The greatest opportunity for increasing productivity is found in enhancement of knowledge of a worker through better management. The problem faced in developing countries is not of underdevelopment but of under-management. Productivity is thus the efficient utilization of resources (inputs) in producing goods or services (outputs). Increased national productivity not only means optimal use of resources, but also helps to create better balance between economic, social and political structure in the society. The concept of productivity can be correlated with the productivity of people, which in turn gives the productivity of population. Thus a better-managed population will produce more for the economic and social uplift of the society. During the discussion period, the participants and the resource person brought out the following reasons for poor productivity affecting the 'quality of labour' in Pakistan:

Low levels of investment: Due to the uncertain political condition and suspicions of terrorism the levels of direct and indirect investments are less. It has thus resulted in lesser work opportunities for the labour.
Insufficient training and education: Most enterprise do not believe in spending
much money on the development and training of labour as it costs money and their cash-flows are affected.
Capacity utilization of industries: Most industries do not work to their full capacity due to the market demand and other economic reasons. The labour too is not utilized in a most optimum way. The overall industrial productivity is thus lowered.
Old vintage of plant and equipment: Most equipment installed in the industries
is old. Management compromises on lesser productivity and efficiency than to invest in the infrastructure to modernize the operations.
Exorbitant energy cost: The commercial rates of electricity in Pakistan are much higher than the domestic rates. Agriculture on the other hand is subsidized. The cost of industrial production becomes much higher to lower the productivity.
Workers' fear about loss of job resulting in unemployment: The supply of labour is more than the demand resulting in persistent fear of labour about the loss of job. Their efficiency decreases because for most of the times they are worried about looking for another job in a marginal job market.
Union's influence: Some labour unions influence lockouts and strikes to reduce the output and efficiency of the plants.
Lack of research and development: In most industries the culture of R&D about enhancing productivity is missing. Consequently, the utilization of plant and other facilities is reduced.
Government regulation: Stringent government regulations, taxes, procedures and reporting system set in the inefficiency that lessens the productivity.
Higher cost of capital: It enhances the capital cost and overall cost of production resulting in lower productivity.
Leadership and motivation: Levels of productivity are directly related to the human psychology and industrial relations. Motivation of workforce through effective leadership brings about the concept of ownership, that, consequently increases the productivity.
Automation: Automation is use of machines to make the processes consistent and high speed. It results in increase of the volume of production and provides a competitive advantage. Top

Media's Role in Development
Mr. Asmat Ullah presented the relationship between the population development and the role of media. He defined development as, 'freeing men from nature's servitude, from economic backwardness and oppressive technological institutions, from unjust class structures and political exploiters, from cultural and psychic alienation - in short from all of life's inhuman agencies'. A widely participatory process of social change in a society, intended to bring about both social and material advancement (including greater equality, freedom and other valued qualities) for the majority of the people through their gaining greater control over their environment. The stages of development as given by the classical development theory are:
· Traditional society: It is the underdeveloped traditional society that requires economic development.
· The preconditions for take-off: The society has to have certain preconditions like indicators on account of literacy, health, institutional setup etc.
· The take-off: It is the stage once the actual development takes place.
· The drive to maturity: The society progresses and becomes a self sustained developed unit.
· The age of high mass consumption: Due to economic progress the consumption increases and the society attains a higher standard of living.
· Media can thus play a very important role to change people's attitude and thought process. It is in fact an effective way of marketing. In the case of population, effectual and practical awareness can be created among different groups of the masses. Media creates a channel of communication between the government, NGOs, international organizations and other coercive groups and the general public. Friendly and persuasive media can change public opinion. It is actually a demand side measure for creating thinking among people to go for a smaller family size.
Communication
Communication generally refers to the transfer of ideas of knowledge in ways that enable the recipient to understand, react to, and act upon the information received. Media is a way of communication and creates a networking with the people. In case of Pakistan media like newspapers, radio and television are an important communication channel with the general public.

Top

Media's Role
Following points are important in studying the media role:

Transmitter of social heritage
Co relational function
Status conferral
Acculturation role
Infotainment
Socialization
Marketing
Education

Assignment No. 1
"In the context of Pakistan, draw linkages between population and various indicators".
The first group work started with the following instructions:

Participants were required to form 4 - 5 Groups
Each group was to create linkages between three of the following indicators:
Population, environment, economy, trade, health and sanitation, housing, food security, literacy, poverty unemployment, energy, political freedom, equity, law and order, drug addiction and social justice
One member from each group was required to present by making 2-3 transparencies.

The groups indicated real life linkages of population growth with social, economic, environmental and political indicators and problems. The indicators were discussed in both ways i.e. factors causing population growth, as well as, problems caused by population growth. The emphasis was given to social factors and political/government polices for population growth.
Social factors causing population growth:

The choice for male kids is a deep-rooted problem in our society that has effects on the entire population dynamics of the country. It ultimately results in a number of female kids and the social pressure.
Below average standard of living and taking more children as helping hand.
Low age at marriage.
Low level of education.
Negative attitude of religious leaders towards contraceptives, misinterpretation of Quranic verses, rumors and misconception.
Gender bias empowerment to decide about family size.
Lack of recreational facilities resulting in intimate relation as the only enjoyment to produce more and more children Top

Political factors causing population growth

Power held by dominant groups, mostly emphasize on their own political agenda. None of the political parties has ever raised population issue in its mandate or policy and never had a political paradigm for such issues.
Biased government policies.
Participants indicated population to be a real complex issue that requires immediate attention.
Social problems caused due to population growth
Increase in unemployment.
Gender biased social norms and lack of male interest in female health resulting in high infant mortality rate.
Addiction and high crime rate.
Individual dissatisfaction, lack of opportunities and mismanagement.

Health problems caused due to population growth

Least attention to female health especially during pregnancy (considering it as a normal phase in female life).
High infant and maternal mortality rate along with pronounced morbidity.
Anemia and other complications because of malnutrition. Diseases are further shifted to infants through feeding and contact with mother.
Problems caused due to poor sanitation and drinking water facilities.
Congestion is another reason for dispersal of communicable diseases among communities that sometimes turns into an epidemic.

Environmental problems caused due to population

Deforestation due to expanding population. Soil erosion and floods due to deforestation and the catastrophe caused by the floods.
Lack and mismanagement of resources.
Mishandling and mismanagement of industrial and domestic waste.
Scarcity of safe drinking water, water and air pollution.

Economical problems due to population

Pakistan has an agriculture-based economy with reducing agricultural land and poor facilities to people engaged in it.
Poverty and lower standard of living due to high cost of living facilities.
Housing and medical facilities problems.
Transfer of property from parents to children is another reason affecting the economic conditions of Pakistan. It results in fragmentation and small land holdings. Top

Assignment No.2
The group was assigned to discuss and prepare a viable action plan for their selected community (village or town or city) for effective curtailment of population growth. Each group was required to make a brief presentation of 10 minutes on their findings and action plan. The groups could consider to work on the lines of the following proposed steps:

Conduct Social Assessment to identify the issues of operational relevance in relation to the efforts for controlling population growth and prioritize the following critical issues:
- Education
- Healthcare
- Economic and Employment Opportunities
- Humane Governance
- Building Necessary Social Capital
- Required Political and Social Institutions
- Capacity Building
- Devolution of Power and Authority
- Gender Issues
- Social Justice
- Quality of Life
Conduct stakeholder analysis to identify the following:
- Who are the key stakeholders
- What are the interests of these stakeholders
- How will they be affected by the project - identify positive and adverse impacts
- Categorize relevant stakeholders according to their Influence and importance
Prepare an action plan to tackle issues based on their relative priority / criticality including mitigation of adverse impacts if any. The action plan should ensure meaningful participation of all key stakeholders (who have high influence and are very important for the population control effort). The action plan should also ensure required capacity building of relevant individuals, communities, officials and institutions. Identify the role of NGOs in the population management effort. Top

(Field Visit to Dhoke Hassu)
Day 3 Field Visit To Dhoke Hassu for Drawing of Linkages between Population Management and Socio-Economic Development of the Community and the Area.
The demographic and other important parameters of the area and the community are that the total population is 30,000. The literacy rate is 20 to 30 percent. There are 2800 households with an average of 8 members. Majority of the labor force work is in industry and they belong to lower or middle-income levels. Al-Falah Development Organization is the Community Based Organization working in the area. The development related strengths noticed were:

Rickshaw CNG kits credit schemes
Teachers resource center
Sewerage-sanitation development with community participation.

The success of the education-training program and the sewerage system became possible due to community participation with the guidance of the CBO. However, there is lack of coordination and collaboration between NGOs and the Government. The community is willing to contribute for their benefits. They are ready and aware of family planning but are reluctant to cooperate with the lady heath visitor at their own homes. The local CBO with the collaboration of UNDP has also launched an education program for children with the incentive of food for afternoon school shift. The participants designed a population management model particularly for Dhoke Hassu and generally for other communities similar to it. They suggested bringing awareness among the residents about the unhygienic environment of streets and improper waste disposal. A need was felt to negotiate and handle the indifferent government attitude with community involvement, youth participation and ownership/responsibility. All the groups recommended establishment of skill development center and vocational center. A general environment of dissatisfaction prevailed due to a high degree of unemployment amongst the youth giving rise to a large number of drug addicts in the locality. Such an attitude has caused several social problems, which warrant immediate redressing.Top
Questions and Concerns of the Participants
The most common and repeatedly put forth comments and queries of the participants are appended below:

Do we have a population policy
Is population a real concern or just has been made up
Why the West never confronted such a problem
What is the relationship between population and development
Is it the population volume or the management that has created the problem
Tokyo, Bangkok, Beijing are all highly populated, yet are clean and systematic cities
The population problem has never been seriously addressed
What is the extent of political and economic will to deal with population problem
The politicians are not aware of the real problem
Is population really a problem or is it merely an exaggerated scenario
Isn't population a resource for a developing country like Pakistan
Why do we use the same gauge to look at the rural and urban population growth
Having more children is a personal choice of a family or a person
Is it the population's magnitude or the management which is the main cause of concern?
Do we first have to be developed to control the population or will we have to control the population to develop
What is the role of the government in creating or controlling the population size
Is the department of population planning capable and competent to negotiate the population growth
How far have the religious leaders helped or did otherwise for the population growth
Don't we need to adopt a multi-sector approach to address the population problem, i.e., education, social empowerment, family values, role of women, gender balance, political, health. Do other departments need to work together!
What has been the role of international organizations and donors
Has the donor funding been appropriately utilized
Did we have donor driven projects
What is the right population figure for Pakistan
Can there be coercive policies based upon punishments and incentives for effective family planning
Should our policies be coercive based or incentive based
Should Pakistan develop a model of its own or copy one of the existing models practiced in the developing countries
Would it be worthwhile to get external funding for population control/management
Is it so that the population problem has no solution
The population is not the real problem
Is the religion a reason for high population Top

Discussion
The principal variables that influence the demand for children at the family level are those, which are most closely associated with the concept of development for developing countries. Thus, certain development policies are particularly crucial in the transition from a high-growth to a low-growth population. These policies aim at eliminating absolute poverty; lessening income inequalities; expanding educational opportunities, especially for women; providing increased job opportunities for both men and women; bringing the benefits of modern preventive medicine and public health programs, especially the provision of clean water and sanitation, to the rural and urban poor; improving maternal and child health through more food, better diets, and improved nutrition so as to lower infant mortality and creating a more equitable provision of other social services to different segments of the population. Again, it is not the numbers per se or parental irrationality that is at the root of the LDC "population problem". Rather, it is the pervasiveness of absolute poverty and low levels of living that provides the economic rationale for large families and burgeoning populations.
While such broad long-run development policies are essential to population stabilization, there are some more specific policies that LDC governments might try to adopt in order to lower birth rates in the short run. Basically, governments can attempt to "control" fertility in several ways.
Is the increase in human population a problem, and if so, what kind of problem is it? Concerns about population growth usually identify the problem in one of two ways: first, human population growth may imply proliferation of destitution and misery for present and future generations of human beings. Some theorists, following Thomas Malthus, have argued that population increase will go hand in hand with increasing poverty, since there will be less of everything to go around. But those who find the simple Malthusian view untenable may still have a (second) good reason to be concerned about population growth, since the growing human population may unsustainably exploit resources and destroy the earth's great ecosystems. There is a third important reason why population growth and high human fertility should be regarded as a serious problem: the high fertility rates that lead to rapid population growth impose inordinate personal costs and an unacceptably high risk of death on women in their reproductive years
When economic development does not bring the expected benefits for an impoverished majority, fertility and maternal mortality rates should not be expected to fall. Increasingly large and densely packed human populations in turn lead to increasing rates of environmental exploitation and destruction. This may explain what we see when we look at much of the developing world. Unless development improves the lives of the poor, it is unlikely to have desirable effects on human fertility or population growth, nor is it likely to decrease the rate of environmental destruction. These considerations suggest an alternative model for development, quite different from the "top-down," large-scale industrial strategy that has traditionally been favored by organizations like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Development projects that import large industries into developing regions rarely reduce social inequality, since the benefits do not "trickle down" to those who need them most. Such "development" sometimes makes the poor even worse off, since it can be highly destructive to traditional small-scale economies and ways of life. An alternative "bottom-up" approach would focus on improving the opportunities of the poor instead of focusing on industrial growth or increasing GNP. If human development is sacrificed to economic development, fertility levels are unlikely to decrease.
Policies aimed specifically at population control have often been repressive, and have had high social costs. Amartya Sen distinguishes between "Collaboration" and "Override" as alternative strategies for addressing the population problem: The former changes fertility incentives by increasing opportunities, while the latter operates by limiting people's ability to make their own choices or by punishing those who have more children than policies permit. China's aggressive efforts to control population by imposing punitive sanctions on couples who exceed their quota of children is a prime example of a coercive strategy. Not only do such strategies penalize parents and their children, they are also likely to be less effective in the long run: when population policies are repressive, it is in each person's interest to attempt to skirt them and to avoid their effects and costs. In societies marked by traditional sexism, the costs of coercive policies are likely to fall most heavily on women. In China, this is reflected in the marked rise in female mortality rates following the imposition of family quotas. But when population policies endeavor to provide people with incentives and opportunities, to raise the opportunity cost of fertility, then lower fertility becomes individually rational. Three kinds of collaborative measures for fertility reduction are most clearly implied by this strategy of increasing the opportunity costs of fertility:
Pakistan is seventh most populous country in the world with one of the highest growth rates in Asia and among developing countries. While mortality declined substantially in the 1950s and 1960s, fertility has remained high, contributing to this rapid rate of natural increase. The government of Pakistan recognizes the serious implications of high population growth, and is seeking to accelerate the pace of fertility decline, decline current rates population growth, reduce infant child and maternal mortality, improve reproductive health and promote gender equality and the empowerment of women. With these ends in view the focus is now on the development and implementation of an effective population policy operating within the framework of nationally accepted, broad based and strategically focus population and development policies. A policy, that is, consistent with country's national laws and development priorities, and within the religious, ethical and cultural values of the people of Pakistan.
The relationship between population growth and economic development cannot be disregarded. Statistics clearly indicate that the two are associated with each other, but which is cause, which is effect, may be different for different countries. Some people see population growth as a stimulus to the economic development. Some view it otherwise and some say that population problem will disappear if economies are developed accordingly.Top

Recommendations
Based on the outcome of the training workshop, following are the recommendations:

A holistic approach to control the population growth be followed by Pakistan.
Endeavors be made to change the attitude of people towards the issue of population
For a country likes Pakistan, economic development should not be totally linked with the population control, rather the development and population control/management be addressed side by side.
Efforts be made for better population management in the country to make the existing population as more productive.
Education, healthcare and other basic human needs be extended to the general public for their empowerment to make prudent decisions and become effective citizens.
All out efforts should be made to raise the social and economic status of women and hence create conditions favorable to delayed marriage and lower marital fertility.
Efforts to expand women's educational opportunities are likely to have the effect of lowering fertility. Such access will not only improve women's employment prospects, but will also result in later marriage and reproduction so that each is likely to have fewer children overall. Therefore, opportunities should be created for the women to have independent source of income to secure a stronger position for them in the household, reducing their dependence on other family members, particularly male offspring.
Efforts to provide women with employment opportunities can have a similar effect: when women are prohibited from work, as they have traditionally been in much of the world, the opportunity costs of fertility are extremely low. Generally increased economic opportunity for both women and men will increase the opportunity cost of children, but since women have suffered radically diminished opportunities in every culture and every country in the world, and since women are still the primary caretakers for children worldwide, it is especially important to expand opportunities for women
Since the need for old-age security is a prime incentive to have children in most developing countries, institutions that increase the economic security of the elderly remove an important destructive incentive to have children. The motive to have children to provide for one's old age is destructive in the sense that it passes costs on to the succeeding generation, whose interests are not adequately represented in the decisions of their parents. There is empirical evidence that old-age pension and effective social security systems do indeed reduce fertility
The account of the population problem has not emphasized the distribution of contraceptives as a means for population control, but of course the availability of contraceptives can be crucial for people's autonomous control over their reproductive lives. Where efforts aimed at human development are accompanied by increased access to contraceptives, they will be more effective. But when efforts at population control focus on the distribution of contraceptives at the expense of attention to human development, they are unlikely to be effective, and are quite likely to be viewed with skepticism by those they are intended to help. Therefore, education must be made mandatory for both boys and girls till matriculation.Top
Food is provided to the students at the school for making education as an interesting incentive and to lessen the burden on poor parents.
A holistic approach should be followed to change the attitude and outlook of the people towards population growth through meaningful education.
Incentives be provided to parents who can educate their children.
Discrimination between the sexes be curtailed by providing more incentives to the females.
There should be proper representation of women in the political system of the country.

Conclusion
The population problem is a large problem, and is inextricably connected to other enormous social problems, many of which are global in scope. It is unlikely that policies aimed at economic development and environmental protection can ultimately be successful unless human population growth can be slowed and eventually stabilized at a reasonable level. Are the measures proposed above sufficient to address these problems? There is no way known, but there is good reason to believe that they will be necessary elements of any adequate solution. Further, the means suggested here, improving autonomy and welfare of the poor and the social equality of women are themselves requirements of justice.
The relationship between economic development and population growth are associated with each other, but which is cause and which is effect and could they actually be only coincidentally related to each other are the topic for the world's debate today.Top